Trustee vs. Executor of a Will: Roles and Responsibilities Explained

Understanding the difference between trustees and executors is essential when planning your estate. These roles carry distinct responsibilities, and appointing the right person can ensure your wishes are honored while avoiding unnecessary legal complications.

Our firm has guided many families through the estate planning process, and we know how important it is to get these roles right.

In this article, we’ll break down the differences between trustees and executors, what they do, and why it matters for you and your loved ones.

Executor of a Will

An executor is the person named in a will to manage and distribute the deceased’s assets as specified. This role typically begins after the person who created the will (the testator) passes away.

Executors carry out the terms of the will, ensuring everything is handled according to the testator’s instructions.

Responsibilities of an Executor

Being an executor requires careful attention to detail and following the law. Here are some of the key responsibilities:

• Securing and valuing assets: This includes everything from real estate and bank accounts to personal property and investments.
• Paying debts and liabilities: Executors must identify and settle any outstanding debts the deceased owes.
• Handling taxes: Filing any necessary income or estate tax returns is a crucial part of the job.
• Carrying out funeral arrangements: If outlined in the will, the executor may coordinate the funeral and associated expenses.
• Probate process: Executors apply for probate to gain legal authority to manage the estate.
• Distributing assets: Once debts and taxes are resolved, the executor distributes the remaining assets according to the will.

The executor’s role is temporary and concludes once the estate is settled.

Trustee

A trustee manages assets held in a trust to benefit others (the beneficiaries).

Unlike an executor, whose duties are tied to a specific will and timeframe, a trustee may have ongoing responsibilities that last for years—or even generations.

Responsibilities of a Trustee

Trustees must act with the utmost integrity and prioritize the interests of the beneficiaries. Their duties typically include:

• Managing and protecting trust assets: This involves overseeing investments, real estate, or other property held in the trust.
• Making sound financial decisions: Trustees ensure the trust’s assets remain productive, often consulting with financial advisors when appropriate.
• Distributing trust assets: Trustees follow the trust agreement to distribute assets to beneficiaries.
• Maintaining records: Accurate documentation of transactions and communications is critical.
• Fiduciary duty: Trustees are legally required to act in the best interest of all beneficiaries.
• Impartiality: Treating all beneficiaries fairly is vital unless the trust specifies otherwise.
• Compliance: Trustees must adhere to all applicable laws and regulations.

A trustee’s role can be long-term, especially if the trust is designed to benefit multiple generations or provide ongoing financial support.

Major Differences Between an Executor and a Trustee

While executors and trustees share some responsibilities, their roles differ significantly.

Timing

The timing of an executor’s and a trustee’s duties is one of the most notable distinctions. An executor’s responsibilities begin only after the death of the testator—the person who created the will.

On the other hand, a trustee may assume their duties while the grantor is still alive if the trust is a living trust. The trustee’s role in testamentary trusts starts after the grantor’s death.

Probate

Another key difference is the involvement of probate. Executors must obtain a grant of probate from the court to legally administer the estate. This process validates the will and grants the executor the authority to act on behalf of the estate.

Trustees, however, typically avoid probate altogether, as their authority is granted directly by the trust document.

Oversight

Executors are accountable to the probate court, which oversees the administration of the estate to ensure the executor adheres to the terms of the will and fulfills their legal obligations.

Trustees, in contrast, are directly accountable to the trust’s beneficiaries.

Duration

The duration of their roles also sets executors and trustees apart. Executors serve temporarily, with their duties typically concluding once the estate is settled—usually within a few years.

Trustees, however, may have ongoing responsibilities. Depending on the terms of the trust, their role can extend for many years or even across multiple generations.

Flexibility

Flexibility in managing assets and distributions is another area where these roles differ. Trustees generally have more discretion, as outlined in the trust agreement, which can allow them to make decisions tailored to the needs of the beneficiaries.

Executors, however, must strictly adhere to the instructions outlined in the will, leaving little room for adaptability.

Conflicts of Interest & Legal Consequences

Both trustees and executors must act with integrity, but the consequences of failing to do so can be severe.

Trustees

Trustees are held to a strict fiduciary duty. Conflicts of interest—such as favoring one beneficiary over another or using trust assets for personal gain—can lead to:

• Personal liability for financial losses.
• Removal from their position.
• Criminal charges for fraud or theft in extreme cases.

Executors

Executors must manage the estate impartially and according to the will. Mismanagement can lead to:

• Legal claims from beneficiaries or creditors.
• Personal liability for unpaid debts or taxes.
• Court challenges, which can delay the estate’s settlement.

Need Help Managing Estate Administration in North Carolina? Contact Brady Cobin Law Group, PLLC

Deciding who should serve as trustee or executor is one of the most important decisions in estate planning.

At Brady Cobin Law Group, PLLC, we have extensive experience helping families plan for the future with care and confidence.

If you’re ready to ensure your estate is managed smoothly and your legacy is protected, give us a call at (919) 782-0350. Don’t leave your plans to chance—let us help you get it right.